Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved. 1998–2024. Article text and photo for first illustration used with permission of MFMER; all other content provided by THINK Magazine.
Using AI in radiology clinical practice.
Source: Mayo Clinic
With the widespread media coverage in recent months, it’s likely that you’ve heard about AI — technology that enables computers to do things that would otherwise require a human’s brain. In other words, machines can be given access to large amounts of information, and trained to solve problems, spot patterns and make recommendations. Common examples of AI in everyday life are virtual assistants like Alexa and Siri.
What you might not know is that AI has been and is being used for a variety of healthcare applications. Here’s a look at how AI can be helpful in healthcare, and what to watch for as it evolves.
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WHAT CAN AI TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE DO FOR ME?
A report from the National Academy of Medicine identified three potential benefits of AI in healthcare:1 improving outcomes for both patients and clinical teams, lowering healthcare costs, and benefitting population health.
From preventive screenings to diagnosis and treatment, AI is being used throughout the continuum of care today. Here are two examples:
1. PREVENTIVE CARE
Cancer screenings that use radiology,2 like a mammogram or lung cancer screening, can leverage AI to help produce results faster.
For example, in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), researchers discovered that the size of the kidneys — specifically, an attribute known as total kidney volume — correlated with how rapidly kidney function was going to decline in the future.3
But assessing total kidney volume, though incredibly informative, involves analysing dozens of kidney images, one slide after another — a laborious process that can take about 45 minutes per patient. With the innovations developed at the PKD Center at Mayo Clinic, researchers now use AI to automate the process, generating results in a matter of seconds.
Bradley J Erickson, MD, PhD, director of Mayo Clinic’s Radiology Informatics Lab, says that AI can complete time-consuming or mundane work for radiology professionals,4 like tracing tumors and structures, or measuring amounts of fat and muscle. “If a computer can do that first pass, that can help us a lot,” says Dr Erickson.
2. RISK ASSESSMENT
In a Mayo Clinic cardiology study,5 AI successfully identified people at risk of left ventricular dysfunction, which is the medical name for a weak heart pump,6 even though the individuals had no noticeable symptoms. And that’s far from the only intersection of cardiology and AI.
“We have an AI model now that can incidentally say,7 ‘Hey, you’ve got a lot of coronary artery calcium, and you’re at high risk for a heart attack or a stroke in five or 10 years,’” says Bhavik Patel, MD, MBA, the chief artificial intelligence officer at Mayo Clinic in Arizona.
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HOW CAN AI TECHNOLOGY ADVANCE MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH?
When it comes to supporting the overall health of a population, AI can help people manage chronic illnesses themselves — think asthma, diabetes and high blood pressure — by connecting certain people with relevant screening and therapy, and reminding them to take steps in their care, such as take medication.
AI also can help promote information on disease prevention online, reaching large numbers of people quickly, and even analyse text on social media to predict outbreaks. Considering the example of a widespread public health crisis, think of how these examples might have supported people during the early stages of COVID-19. For example, a study found that internet searches for terms related to COVID-19 were correlated with actual COVID-19 cases.8 Here, AI could have been used to predict where an outbreak would happen, and then help officials know how to best communicate and make decisions to help stop the spread.
AI could have been used to predict where an outbreak would happen, and then help officials know how to best communicate and make decisions to help stop the spread.
HOW CAN AI SOLUTIONS ASSIST IN PROVIDING SUPERIOR PATIENT CARE?
You might think that healthcare from a computer isn’t equal to what a human can provide. That’s true in many situations, but it isn’t always the case.
Studies have shown that in some situations, AI can do a more accurate job than humans. For example, AI has done a more accurate job than current pathology methods in predicting who will survive malignant mesothelioma9 which is a type of cancer that impacts the internal organs. AI is used to identify colon polyps10 and has been shown to improve colonoscopy accuracy11 and diagnose colorectal cancer as accurately as skilled endoscopists can.
In a study of a social media forum, most people asking healthcare questions preferred responses from an AI-powered chatbot over those from physicians, ranking the chatbot’s answers higher in quality and empathy. However, the researchers conducting this study emphasise that their results only suggest the value of such chatbots in answering patients’ questions, and recommend it be followed up with a more convincing study.
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HOW CAN PHYSICIANS USE AI AND MACHINE LEARNING IN HEALTHCARE?
One of the key things that AI may be able to do to help healthcare professionals is save them time.12 For example:
Keeping up with current advances
When physicians are actively participating in caring for people and other clinical duties, it can be challenging for them to keep pace with evolving technological advances that support care. AI can work with huge volumes of information — from medical journals to healthcare records — and highlight the most relevant pieces.
Taking care of tedious work
When a healthcare professional must complete tasks like writing clinical notes 13 or filling out forms,14 AI could potentially complete the task faster than traditional methods, even if revision was needed to refine the first pass AI makes.
Despite the potential for AI to save time for healthcare professionals, AI isn’t intended to replace humans. 15 The American Medical Association commonly refers to “augmented intelligence,” which stresses the importance of AI assisting, rather than replacing, healthcare professionals. In the case of current AI applications and technology, healthcare professionals are still needed to provide:
- Clinical context for the algorithms that train AI.
- Accurate and relevant information for AI to analyse.
- Translation of AI findings to be meaningful for patients.
A helpful comparison to reiterate the collaborative nature needed between AI and humans for healthcare is that in most cases, a human pilot is still needed to fly a plane. Although technology has enabled quite a bit of automation in flying today, people are needed to make adjustments, interpret the equipment’s data, and take over in cases of emergency.
A helpful comparison to reiterate the collaborative nature needed between AI and humans for healthcare is that in most cases, a human pilot is still needed to fly a plane.
WHAT ARE THE DRAWBACKS OF AI IN HEALTHCARE?
Despite the many exciting possibilities for AI in healthcare, there are some risks to weigh:
- If not properly trained, AI can lead to bias and discrimination. For example, if AI is trained on electronic health records, it is building only on people that can access healthcare16 and is perpetuating any human bias captured within the records.
- AI chatbots can generate medical advice that is misleading or false, which is why there is a need for effectively regulating their use.
WHERE CAN AI SOLUTIONS TAKE THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY NEXT?
As AI continues to evolve and play a more prominent role in healthcare, the need for effective regulation and use becomes more critical. That is why Mayo Clinic is a member of Health AI Partnership, which is focused on helping healthcare organisations evaluate and implement AI effectively, equitably and safely.
In terms of the possibilities for healthcare professionals to further integrate AI, Mark D Stegall, MD, a transplant surgeon and researcher at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota says, “I predict AI also will become an important decision-making tool for physicians.”17
Mayo Clinic hopes that AI could help create new ways to diagnose, treat, predict, prevent and cure disease.18
This might be achieved by:
- Selecting and matching patients with the most promising clinical trials.
- Developing and setting up remote healthmonitoring devices.
- Detecting currently imperceptible conditions.
- Anticipating disease-risk years in advance. ∞
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MAYO CLINIC
Mayo Clinic is the largest integrated, not-for-profit medical group practice in the world. Its history of innovation dates back almost 150 years, when brothers Will and Charlie Mayo pioneered an integrated, team-based approach to medicine. Today, that trailblasing spirit drives innovation in clinical practice, education and research to provide compassion, expertise and answers to everyone who needs healing. Mayo Clinic has US-based destination campuses in Rochester, Minnesota; Jacksonville, Florida; and Phoenix, Arizona, along with a strong health system and international presence. Each year, Mayo Clinic cares for more than one million patients from over 130 countries and is consistently top ranked among global healthcare organisations for quality and innovation.
JULY 2024 | ISSUE 12
NAVIGATING THE AI TERRAIN
